血吸虫对吡喹酮抗药性的研究Ⅱ曼氏血吸虫吡喹酮敏感株与抗性株虫卵和毛蚴对吡喹酮的反应性

目的　比较曼氏血吸虫吡喹酮敏感株与抗性株虫卵和毛蚴对吡喹酮的反应性 ,旨在运用敏感株与抗性株反应性间的差异 ,建立简单快速吡喹酮敏感性检测方法。方法　将各株虫卵分别孵育于 5× 10 -6、10 -6、5× 10 -7mol/ L和 10 -7mol/ L吡喹酮溶液中 2 4h,后移至清水孵化 ,比较虫卵的孵化率。将各株毛蚴分别暴露于 10 -3 、10 -4 、10 -5、5× 10 -6、10 -6、5× 10 -7mol/ L和 10 -7mol/ L吡喹酮溶液中 ,0、1、5 min后观察比较毛蚴的运动及形态学变化。结果　经 10 -6mol/ L 和 5× 10 -7mol/L吡喹酮孵育 2 4h后 ,敏感株血吸虫虫卵的孵化率分别为 4.2 %和 3 0 .7% ,抗性株分别为 2 4.2 %和61.2 %。当毛蚴暴露于 5× 10 -6mol/ L吡喹酮中 ,敏感株 10 0 %毛蚴体中部立刻收缩变形 ,而抗性株仅见 13 .4%毛蚴变形 ;当暴露于 10 -6mol/ L 吡喹酮 0、1、5 min后 ,敏感株毛蚴的变形率分别为3 5 .5 %、63 .9%、91.2 % ;抗性株分别为 0、7.6%、14 .3 %。结论　曼氏血吸虫吡喹酮抗性株和敏感株虫卵与毛蚴阶段对吡喹酮的体外反应性的差异均非常显著。提示 ,将毛蚴移入 10 -6mol/ L吡喹酮溶液中 1min,镜下观察其变形率 ,作为曼氏血吸虫对吡喹酮敏感性的检测方法 ,可用于现场判断病人化疗失败的原因是否是由于吡喹酮抗性     

Stakeholder involvement in the systematic optimisation of two school-based relationships and sex education interventions,Project Respect and Positive Choices

Background

There is increasing emphasis on involving intended beneficiaries and other stakeholders in the development of public health interventions to maximise acceptability and remove barriers to adoption, implementation, and maintenance before costly implementation. Yet the processes whereby key actors are engaged in intervention development are rarely reported, and frameworks for carrying out such work remain limited. We outline our approach to involving stakeholders in the optimisation of two school-based relationships and sex education programmes (Project Respect and Positive Choices) and reflect on the challenges of co-producing with teachers, students, and other partners.

Hyper-reactive Malarial Splenomegaly (HMS) in malaria endemic area in Eastern Sudan

Hyper-reactive Malarial Splenomegaly (HMS) is massive enlargement of the spleen resulting from abnormal immune response to repeated attacks of malaria. The present study was carried out in Kassala city, Eastern Sudan where HMS is considered as highly prevalent. The objectives of this study were to determine the incidence of HMS in Eastern Sudan, and to identify basic laboratory and clinical characteristics of this condition in Sudanese patients. In the period between January and March 2004, a cross-sectional study was carried out in four health centers in Kassala city. In the current study 114 out 1010 (11%) medical cases examined were found to have enlarged spleens, 87 (9%) of them were diagnosed as HMS. Sixty-three percent of HMS cases were males and the rest were females. The mean age of HMS patients was 28 years. Clinical investigations showed that all cases suffered from abdominal pain in the upper left quadrant and all had a palpable firm spleen (10-26cm) below the costal margin. Laboratory examinations showed that 74% of the cases were anaemic and the mean white blood count for all cases was 4237cell/mL(3). Serum concentration of IgM in all subjects was above the threshold of the mean value plus 2 S.D. for 35 asymptomatic controls. In more than 70% of the HMS patients (53 individuals) the spleens were impalpable after the third month of the treatment. Our data indicate that HMS is one of the major causes of tropical splenomegaly in Eastern Sudan.     

Suitability of five cladoceran species from Mexico for in situ experimentation

Although they are highly suited for site-specific risk assessment, little attention has been given to in situ ecotoxicological experimentation in tropical regions. This study intended to assess the suitability of five freshwater cladocerans from Mexico for in situ experiments. Juveniles of Ceriodaphnia cornuta, Macrothrix triserialis group, Simocephalus vetulus, Diaphanosoma birgei, and Pseudosida cf. ramosa, from two populations, were used to perform seven day laboratory and in situ experiments. Pseudosida cf. ramosa was very sensitive to handling and was discarded from further evaluations. Ceriodaphnia cornuta reproduced significantly more neonates, with smaller coefficients of variation, than M. triserialis and S. vetulus. Also due to its worldwide distribution in the tropics, C. cornuta is suggested to be highly suitable for in situ experiments.     

A biomarker for tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis based on a recombinant Leishmania hypothetical protein

The measures for leishmaniasis control include the precise diagnosis of disease. However, although several recombinant antigens have been tested with this biotechnological purpose, no effective product exists, which could detects patients with the active disease, as well as differentiates them from cured and treated patients. In this study, a conserved Leishmania hypothetical protein, which was identified in Leishmania infantum parasites, but evaluated to presents high homology in the amino acid sequences between distinct parasite species, was evaluated for the diagnosis of tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis. In addition, PBMCs collected from treated and untreated mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients, as well as in healthy subjects living in endemic region of disease, were in vitro stimulated, when IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 levels were evaluated in the cell supernatant. Regarding the serological analyses, ELISA experiments using the recombinant protein (rLiHyL) and a human serological panel revealed high sensitivity and specificity values to detect both diseases, while control antigens showed worst results. Regarding the cellular response, results showed that rLiHyL-stimulated cells produced higher IFN-γ and lower IL-4 and IL-10 levels in the supernatants. Also, the anti-protein antibody production was evaluated in these patients, and data showed higher IgG2 and lower IgG1 levels found in the treated patients and healthy controls, demonstrating the stimulation of a Th1-type response induced by the rLiHyL protein. In conclusion, this hypothetical protein can be considered as antigenic in TL and VL, as well as a vaccine candidate to be tested in future studies to protect against disease.     

Developing a risk prediction model for 30-day unplanned hospitalization in patients receiving outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy

ObjectivesOutpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) is increasingly used to treat a wide range of infections. However, there is risk of hospital readmissions. The study aim was to develop a prediction model for the risk of 30-day unplanned hospitalization in patients receiving OPAT.MethodsUsing a retrospective cohort design, we retrieved data on 1073 patients who received OPAT over 2 years (January 2015 to January 2017) at a large teaching hospital in Sheffield, UK. We developed a multivariable logistic regression model for 30-day unplanned hospitalization, assessed its discrimination and calibration abilities, and internally them validated using bootstrap resampling.ResultsThe 30-day unplanned hospitalization rate was 11% (123/1073). The main indication for hospitalization was worsening or nonresponse of infection (52/123, 42%). The final regression model consisted of age (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 1.18 per decade; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04–1.34), Charlson comorbidity score (aOR, 1.11 per unit increase; 95% CI, 1.00–1.23), prior hospitalizations in past 12 months (aOR, 1.30 per admission; 95% CI, 1.17–1.45), concurrent intravenous antimicrobial therapy (aOR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.03–3.47) and endovascular infection (aOR, 3.51; 95% CI, 1.49–8.28). Mode of OPAT treatment was retained in the model as a confounder. The model had adequate concordance (c-statistic 0.72; 95% CI 0.67–0.77) and calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow p 0.546; calibration slope 0.99; 95% CI 0.78–1.21), and low degree of optimism (bootstrap optimism corrected c-statistic, 0.70).ConclusionsWe identified a set of six important predictors of unplanned hospitalization based on readily available data. The prediction model may help improve OPAT outcomes through better identification of high-risk patients and provision of tailored care.     

Intestinal schistosomiasis: a very long-lived tropical parasite

We report a case of intestinal schistosomiasis in a patient who had not travelled outside Europe after migrating 20 years ago. Images of the Schistosoma mansoni eggs are shown that confirm the active nature of the infection.